INTRODUCTION:
Sodium fluoride is the most toxic element in the halogen
family, the second after arsenic in the toxicity scale (1). Fluorides are naturally
found in the earth's crust with rocks, coal, clay and soil. Fluorides are released
into the air by wind-blown waste. Fluoride is released into the air from fluoride-containing
materials, including minerals, coal and clay, when heated at high temperatures,
phosphates, aluminum smelters, glass, bricks, corks, the largest natural source
of fluorides released into the air is volcanic eruptions (2).
Fluoride poisoning is the result of exposure to large quantities
of fluoride and its compounds for a long period of time, which may occur by taking
water containing high levels of fluoride or accidental ingestion of some pesticides,
rodenticides or chronic inhalation of industrial gases and dust (3).
Sodium fluoride is absorbed in the small intestine, causing
gastrointestinal inflammation which is an ectopic effect of the lining of the gastrointestinal
mucosa; this increase in fluorosis leads to fluorosis, the fluoridosis is characterized
by three types: dental fluorosis, which causes tooth decay and is stained with white
spots (4). Sodium fluoride has effects on liver enzymes, and the increase in levels
of hepatic enzymes ALT, AST, ALP is evidence of malfunction in liver function (5),
a sign of cellular breakdown in liver tissue. Several studies have indicated that
excessive exposure to sodium fluoride leads to various metabolic and metabolic changes
in the effectiveness of hepatic enzymes (6). Garlic attracted the attention of modern
medicine because of its widespread medical use around the world, the belief that
garlic helps to give more strength and maintain good health free of disease, that
garlic works (reduces the risk factor for heart disease, cancer, stimulate immune
functions, promotes the elimination of toxicity Antibacterial, anti-bacterial effect,
anti-oxidant effect (Allicin (allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate or diallyl thiosulfinate)
is the active compound plus selenium and vitamin C found in fresh garlic and garlic
extract (7).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this study, used 30 adult white males, weighing between
250-180 kg, were divided into three equal groups of ten animals per group, as follows:
Control group (C):
Water was given only.
Treatment group (T1):
This group of rats was daily injected with sodium fluoride
with a dose (20 mg / kg) of body weight.
Treatment group (T2):
This group of rats was daily injected with sodium fluoride
with a dose of (20 mg / kg) of body weight and a water garlic extract with a dose
of 125 mg / kg body weight.
Prepare the garlic extract in accordance with (8, 9) by
taking (20 g) of garlic powder and extract the material from it in sequence with
the Soxhlet extractor in 200 ml of distilled water for 24 hours. After the experiment,
which lasted for one month, the animals were anesthetized using chloroform and blood
was withdrawn directly from the heart using a 5 ml syringe. The blood was placed
in a clean glass test tube from the anticoagulation pipette. The serum was isolated
and kept at -20°C Tests for measuring the concentration of glutathione and monaldehyde
and calculating the level of liver enzymes (10, 11, 12) and calculating the levels
of urea and creatinine by (13,14). The liver and kidneys were then removed and histological
sections were prepared and dyed in the form of Hematocellin - Eosin (15).
Statistical analysis/Used program SPSS (2006), Statistical Package for Social
Science, was used to analyze the experimental data to study the effect of the different
parameters in the studied traits. The differences between the averages were compared
with LES (Less Significant Difference).
RESULTS:
The results of the study, as shown in Table (1), showed
a significant increase in the level of probability (P <0.05) in the levels of
AST, ALP, ALT in the first treatment T1 compared with control group C. While the
study showed improved enzymatic parameters with significant decrease in T2 compared
with T1.
Treatment of T1 group with garlic extract and sodium fluoride
resulted in the return of the levels of MDA and GSH to their normal levels compared
to the T1 group treated with sodium fluoride. The study also showed a significant
increase in the levels of urea and creatinine at T1 treatment with sodium fluoride.
While the standards improved with T2 treated by the water extract of garlic (Table
3)
Table (3): The effect of sodium fluoride and the water extract
of garlic plant at the serum level of urea and creatinine for males of white rats
in the interventions (n = 10)
|
 Standards
Groups
|
Urea (mg/dl)
|
Creatinine (mg/dl)
|
|
Control C
|
21.54±0.25 a
|
0.62±0.02 a
|
|
T1
|
39.89±0.24 b
|
1.59±0.04 b
|
|
T2
|
25.66±0.39 a
|
0.82±0.02 a
|
|
L.S.D
|
0.920
|
0.102
|
* Figures represent the mean ± represents the standard error
* Different letters in one column indicate significant differences
(P <0.05) between the totals.
* C represents the control group * T1 representing the animal
group of sodium fluoride
* T2 represents the animal group of sodium fluoride with
the water extract of garlic.
As for the histological study, we observe the disappearance
of the radial order of the hepatic cells around the central vein, which appears
to be congested with enlargement of the hepatic corpuscles, with bubbles in the
cytoplasm. 2 There is a clear bleeding inside the sinuses and infiltration of the
inflammatory cells within the liver tissue, with obvious congestion and hyperplasia.
Bile duct.
At the treatment of T2 sodium fluoride and the water extract
of garlic we observe the return of the radiological arrangement of hepatic cells
around the central vein and show hepatic cells natural and hexagonal faces that
appear naturally. And a simple expansion in hepatocellular fibrosis as pictured
(3).
Fig.(2) T1 rat liver. The disappearance of the hepatic arrangement
of hepatic cells around the central vein, which appears to be congested (CV), with
the expansion of hepatic corpuscles (S) with swelling of hepatic cells where we
observe the presence of bubbles within the cytoplasm 40X H&E
Fig.(3) T2 rat liver. Note that there is a radiographic
arrangement of hepatic cells around the central vein (C.V) and hepatic cells showing
normal and six-faceted (H) and simple expansion in hepatic gibbons (S) with proliferation
of K-40X and E coffer cells.
The current study, as has shown in Figure (4,5) showed
the tissue effects of the adult tissues of the T1 group. We notice severe hemorrhage
in the renal tissue with an enlarged renal tubule lining and a clear atrophy of
some renal glomeruli and a clear degeneration of the lining of the tubules.
The tissue histories of the adult tissues of the T2 group
showed the presence of normal enlarged round glomeruli with narrow-lining tubes
lined with normal vertical cells except for the degeneration of some of the lining
cells of these tubules.
Fig.(6) College T2 rat. We observe the presence of
normal enlarged round glands (G) and some degeneration of the endothelial cells
of these tubules (D) and the presence of Tubular basophilia of the
B-cells. 40XH and E.
DISCUSSION:
Moral elevation in liver enzymes AST, ALT, ALP is attributed
to the formation of free radicals that attack the plasma membranes of the liver
cells leading to the leakage of these enzymes (16). That the state of oxidative
stress resulting from the increase of effective oxygen aggregates is the result
of the breakdown of DNA, proteins and fats in liver cells, which leads to the degeneration
of these cells and then crashing, and their contents to the bloodstream, including
the enzymes above (17).
He explained that garlic extract has the effectiveness
of protecting the liver from the toxicity of fluoride by reducing the process of
oxidation by reducing levels (urinary F2-isoprostane, 8-hydroxyguanosine) and serum
or through increased activity of the serum (SOD) superoxide dismutase and prevent
the enzymes of the liver to rise and protect the cell membrane from Free radical
attack (18).
The reduction in the level of GSH in T1 was due to the
occurrence of oxidative stress due to the continuous treatment of sodium fluoride.
As a result of the active GSH involvement in the prevention of oxidation in oxidative
stress, either through the direct removal of free radicals or by enzymes that have
a core substance such as GSH peroxidase leading to an increase in the consumption
of GSH and its transformation into an ineffective form of diphtheriaGSH (19). The
significant increase in the level of MDA is due to the effect of sodium fluoride
on the stimulation of the enzyme Fatty-acetyl-coA and the direct oxidation of fatty
acids, which leads to increased production of H2O2 of internal origin and thus contributes
to the production of fat oxidation (20).
The treatment of garlic extract resulted in a significant
increase in the level of GSH and a decrease in morbidity in MDA due to the active
role of garlic in the activation of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant
system within the body, as well as containing natural antioxidant foods such as
vitamin C and selenium which protect LDL-C from Oxidation process (21). They confirmed
(22) the presence of allicin, selenium, germanium, vitamin C and flavonoids found
in garlic because they have the ability to remove toxic effects of heavy metals
by binding and destroying them (23).
That the increase in levels of urea and creatinine in the
treatment of T1 is attributable to fluoride poisoning, which leads to a lack of
kidney function as the low rate of urea secretion leads to an increase in the level
of urea in the blood (24). The high level of creatinine occurred due to the high
level of protein and the proportion of plasma glucose in the plasma and to the oxidative
stress associated with increasing the generation of free radicals that have the
ability to work in the MDAin the kidney and the low level of antioxidants and antioxidant
enzymes (25).
The treatment of T2 with the extract of garlic water to
the return of levels of creatinine and urea to normal levels compared with the group
T1, because of the inclusion of garlic on the compound (S-allyl cysteine; S-acssluphoxide),
which contributes to reduce the effectiveness of Alkaline phosphate in the liver
and garlic has a significant impact in the contribution reduction Concentration
of this compound in the serum (26).
The effect of sodium fluoride on liver tissue is that fluoride
has the ability to form free radicals such as OH hydroxyl and oxygen root, which
increase the concentration of the liver, which leads to fat oxidation in hepatic
cells and inhibits the antioxidant enzymes in the liver, Superoxide oxidase (SOD),
and the effectiveness of (GUT) and catalytic catheter (27).
The changes in the kidney tissue are due to fluoride poisoning
with T1, resulting in soft tissue functions by penetrating the cellular membranes
into soft tissues, especially kidney tissues, promoting lipid peroxidation and reducing
the effectiveness of the antioxidant enzymes, which cause apoptosis of cells with
decomposition renal tubule cells (28).
And that the positive effects of garlic in the treatment
T1, T2 liver and kidney tissues may be due to its active role in the activation
of the system of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants within the body as well
as contain the natural food antioxidants such as vitamin C and selenium(29). Vitamin
C is an antioxidant because it is a source of energy and activates many enzymes
and metabolic processes. It activates the enzyme adenylcyclase and inhibits the
phosphate esterase enzyme, which leads to increased levels of adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP). Metabolism in tissues requires this, And differentiation of cells (30).
Some research has indicated that selenium has positive effects in tissue lesions
in cases of fluoride poisoning (31).
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